侵权责任和违约责任竞合的理解与适用

李琳萍


　　违约责任和侵权责任的竞合是指某一违法行为同时具有违约行为和侵权行为的双重特征，从而导致违约责任和侵权责任并存的现象。《合同法》第122条规定：“因当事人一方违约行为侵害对方人身、财产权益的，受害人有权选择依照本法要求其承担违约责任 或依照其他法律要求承担侵权责任。根据我国立法和司法实践，从法律上对责任竞合现象作出适当的限制，即在不法行为人实施上述不法行为后，受害人依法直接产生基于违约行为和侵权行为的双重请求权，可以选择其中一项来行使。这对正确处理竞合案件，正确适用民事法律和保护当事人的合法权益十分必要。
违约责任和侵权责任的竞合现象是伴随合同法与侵权法的独立而产生的，具体表现为以下几种情况：
　　1、合同一方当事人的违约同时侵犯法律规定的强行性义务或者，一方当事人违反法定义务的同时又违反了合同担保义务。
　　2、侵权行为直接构成违约的原因或违约行为也可能造成侵权后果，
　　3、不法行为人实施故意或重大过失侵犯他人权利并造成他人损害的侵权行为时，如果加害人和受害人之间事先存在合同关系的，那么，加害人对受害人的损害行为，不仅可以作为侵权行为还可以作为违反了事先约定的合同义务的违约行为对待。
　　违约行为和侵权行为主要有以下四个方面的区别：（1）违反的义务不同，违约行为违反的是合同的约定义务，侵权行为侵犯的是法律的强制性义务；（2）侵害的对象不同，违约行为侵害的相对权，侵权行为侵害的是绝对权；（3）前提条件不同，违约行为必须以存在合同关系为前提条件，侵权行为则无此要求：　　（4）侵害的后果不同，合同的损害赔偿责任主要是财产的赔偿，侵权责任的损害赔偿包括财产损失、人身伤害和精神损害的赔偿
　　违约责任导致当事人依合同法提起违约之诉，侵权责任是侵权行为法提起侵权之诉。主要从以下几方面区分：
　　1、归责原则方面。违约责任适用严格责任原则。侵权责任在各国法律中通常以过错责任为基本原则，在侵权之诉中，只有在受害人具有重大过失时，侵权人的赔偿责任才可以减轻。而在违约之诉中，只要受害人具有轻微过失，违约当事人的赔偿责任就可以减轻。
　　2、责任构成要件和免责条件方面。在违约责任中，行为人只要实施了违约行为，且不具有有效的抗辩事由，就应当承担违约责任。在违约责任中，除了法定的免责条件以外，合同当事人还可以事先约定不承担责任的情况。在侵权责任中，损害事实是侵权损害赔偿责任成立的前提条件。在侵权责任中，免责条件或原因只能是法定的，当事人不能事先约定免责条件。
　　3、责任范围方面。违约的损害赔偿责任主要是财产损失的赔偿。对于侵权责任而言，损害赔偿不仅包括财产损失的赔偿，而且包人身伤害和精神损害的赔偿。
　　4、承担责任的主体。侵权诉讼只能对侵权人提出，违约诉讼只能向违约人提出。
　　5、举证责任不同。在违约责任中，受害人无须证明加害人的故意或过失，只须证明合同有效存在和合同义务的不履行或履行的不符合约定即可；而违约方应当证明自己没有过错，否则就要承担违约责任。而在侵权责任中，受害人一般要证明行为人的故意或过失。
　　6、诉讼时效方面。因侵权行为所产生的损害赔偿请求适用2年时效规定，但因身体受到伤害而产生的损害赔偿请求权，其诉讼时效期间为1年；因违约行为产生的 损害赔偿请求权，诉讼时效一般为2年，但在出售质量不合格的商品未声明、延付或者拒付租金以及寄存财物被丢失或者损毁的情况下，则适用1年的时效规定。
　　根据《合同法》第122条规定，首次以法律的形式确立了违约责任和侵权责任的竞合制度。确认了责任竞合的构成要件并允许受害人就违约责任和侵权责任中的一种作出选择，且受害人只能在违约责任和侵权责任中选择一种责任形式提出请求，而不能同时基于两种责任提出请求，法院也只能满足受害人的一种请求。


广西荔浦县人民法院 李琳萍
国家税务总局


关于外商投资企业出口货物有关政策问题的函(附英文)
国家税务总局



江苏省国家税务局：
近接江苏省常州市“远东”、“丰田”等10家外商投资企业给刘仲藜局长写信，反映由于外商投资企业出口货物不予退税，给企业带来一系列困难，乃至出现亏损，要求尽快兑现出口退税政策。类似的意见，其他地方也时有反映。对此，特作如下解释，请分别用口头方式向有关企业
做好工作。
关于外商投资企业出口货物的税收问题，财政部、国家税务总局已于1994年8月25日（94）财税字第058号通知作了明确规定。其主要内容是：外商投资企业生产的货物直接出口的，除另有规定外，免征增值税、消费税；销售给国内出口企业或委托国内出口企业代理出口的
，一律视同内销，照章征收增值税、消费税；直接出口的货物中，购买国内原材料所负担的进项税额不予退税。上述规定是根据公平税负以利于各类企业平等竞争和保持税收政策的连续性、稳定性的原则确定的。具体地说，对外商投资企业出口货物继续维持原来免税的政策是统盘考虑了外
商投资企业与国内企业的综合税负水平，为有利于逐步实现税负大体平衡而确定的。
当前和今后一段时期内，外商投资企业享受着多方面的税收优惠政策，其税收负担远远低于国内同类企业。
第一，今年1月1日开始，我国税收制度实行了重大改革。新税制实施后，外商投资企业与国内企业执行统一的流转税制，各行业或产品的税收负担进一步趋于合理。但为了照顾外商投资企业不致因税制改革而增加税收负担，以保持政策的连续性，全国人大常委会于1993年12月
29日通过决定，对外商投资企业因执行新流转税制而增加的税收负担，在5年内对多缴纳的部分予以返还。从而使外商投资企业的税负在规定的期限内仍维持在较低的水平。
第二，今年税制改革后，外商投资企业继续执行1991年4月全国人民代表大会通过的《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》。依照该法的规定，外商投资企业缴纳所得税享有若干优于内资企业的优惠政策，税负水平大大低于内资企业。
第三，根据国家的有关规定，外商投资企业进口货物，在执行工商统一税时享受的一些特殊优惠政策，实行新税制后仍继续保留。
从上述各点可以看出，国家对外商投资企业在税收上给予的优惠是充分的，与国内企业相比，税收负担显然是低的。公平税负应就总体负担而言，不应只看某一环节税负的轻重。至于对外商投资企业出口货物继续实行免税政策而不实行退税政策，正是考虑了上述情况，贯彻了既要继续
保留原有的合理的税收优惠政策，又要有利于逐步实现各类企业税负大体平衡的原则。我们认为，这样做，对于逐步统一国家税收政策，促进各类企业平等竞争，进而促进市场经济的发展都是有利的。

LETTER ON POLICY QUESTION RELATED TO EXPORT GOODS OF ENTERPRISEWITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT

(State Administration of Taxation: 12 October 1994 Coded Guo ShuiHan Fa [1994] No. 558)

Whole Doc.

To Jiangsu Provincial State Tax Bureau:
We have recently acknowledged the receipt of letters written to
Director Liu Zhongli by Far East, Toyotas and eight other enterprise with
foreign investment in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, saying that
because the export goods of enterprise with foreign investment are not
given tax reimbursement, these enterprises have faced a series of
difficulties and have even suffered losses, demanding that the export tax
reimbursement policy be materialized as quickly as possible. Similar
opinions have been heard from other localities. Regarding this, we hereby
specially make the following explanations, please do proper work with
related enterprises respectively by the verbal method.
With regard to the question of taxation related to the export goods
of enterprise with foreign investment, the Ministry of Finance and the
State Administration of Taxation had made explicit stipulations in the
August 25, 1994 Circular Coded Cai Shui Zi (94) No. 058. Its main contents
are: The goods produced by enterprise with foreign investment which are
exported directly are, except otherwise there are separate stipulations,
exempt from value-added tax and consumption tax; goods sold to domestic
export-oriented enterprises or entrusted to domestic export-oriented
enterprises with exporting shall all be regarded as goods for internal
sales, and value-added tax and consumption tax shall be levied on them;
among the goods for direct export, the amount of tax borne for the
purchase of domestic raw and semi-finished materials shall not be
refunded. The above-mentioned stipulations are set down in line with the
principle of introducing fair burden to facilitate equal competition among
various types of enterprises and maintaining the continuity and stability
of the taxation policy. Specifically, maintaining the original tax
exemption policy toward the export goods of enterprise with foreign
investment is based on an overall consideration of the comprehensive level
of tax burden on enterprise with foreign investment and domestic
enterprises, it is so determined in order to facilitate a gradual
achievement of a rough balance of tax burden.
At present and for a period of time to come, enterprise with foreign
investment are enjoying preferential tax policy in many aspects, their tax
burden is much lower than that for similar domestic enterprises.

Firstly, from January 1 of this year, China introduced major reform
of its tax system. After implementation of the new tax system, a unified
turnover tax system was carried out among enterprise with foreign
investment and domestic enterprises, the tax burden on various trades or
products has become more rational. However: to ensure that tax burden on
enterprise with foreign investment will not increase as a result of tax
system reform, so as to maintain the continuity of policy, the Standing
Committee of the National people's Congress on December 29, 1993 passed a
decision that the increased tax burden on enterprise with foreign
investment due to implementation of the new turnover tax system and that
the part of extra tax payment shall be returned within five years, thereby
enabling the tax burden on enterprise with foreign investment to remain at
a relatively low level within the prescribed period.

Secondly, after the launch of tax system reform this year, enterprise
with foreign investment have continued to implement the Income Tax Law of
the People's Republic of China on enterprise with foreign investment and
Foreign Enterprises adopted by the National People's Congress in April
1991. In accordance with the stipulations of the law, enterprise with
foreign investment enjoy a number of preferential policies superior to
those for Chinese- funded enterprises in terms of income tax payment, the
level of their tax burden is much lower than that of domestically funded
enterprises.

Thirdly, in accordance with related stipulations of the state, some
special preferential policies, enjoyed by enterprise with foreign
investment for their import goods during the time when consolidated
industrial and commercial tax was being implemented, continue to be in
force.
From the above-mentioned points it can be seen that the state grants
fully preferential taxation treatment to enterprise with foreign
investment and their tax burden is obviously lower than that for domestic
enterprises. Fair tax burden refers to tax burden in general, one should
not see the weight of tax burden of only one certain link. The reason why
the tax exemption policy, rather than the tax reimbursement policy, is
implemented for enterprise with foreign investment in relation to their
export goods is that the above-mentioned situation has taken into
consideration and the principle of both maintaining the original rational
preferential taxation policy and facilitating the gradual realization of a
rough balance of tax burden on various types of enterprises. We believe
that doing so is beneficial to gradually unifying the state's taxation
policy, promoting equal competition among various types of enterprises and
proceeding to boost the development of the market economy.



1994年10月12日